Assays
acetylation[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the total acetylation of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Protein Sort, or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): KAcAb  KAcAb-ppt  3H-acetate  3H-acetate/CHX  14C-acetyl-CoA
Assay Description:
Using KAcAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to acetylated lysine.
Using KAcAb-ppt:
A western blot of an anti-acetylated-lysine immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using 3H-acetate:
Cells are incubated in medium containing  [3H]-sodium-acetate for 1 hr.
Subject is immunoprecipitated from cell lysate and separated on an SDS-PAGE gel.
Acetylation is determined by autoradiography.
Using 3H-acetate/CHX:
Cells are incubated in medium containing cycloheximide (CHX) and [3H]-sodium-acetate for 1 hr.
Subject is immunoprecipitated from cell lysate and separated on an SDS-PAGE gel.
Acetylation is determined by autoradiography.
Using 14C-acetyl-CoA:
Subject is incubated with a putative acetyltransferase in the presence of 14C-acetyl-CoA.
The amount of 32P transferred from [14C]-acetyl-CoA to Subject is detected by autoradiography.
acetylation(Site(s))[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the acetylation of Subject at a specific site
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Protein Sort, or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): AcAb   
Assay Description:
Using AcAb:
A western blot of a cell lysate, immunoprecipitate, or recombinant protein is stained with an antibody that detects a specific acetylation site when it is acetylated.
boundby[DetectionMethod]Hook
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject bound directly by another protein(s), chemical, peptide, or  nucleic acid (Hook)
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible Hook(s):  Protein, Family, Composite, IP, Chemical, Peptide, Oligo
Possible DetectionMethods(s): WB  ELISA  FarWestern  MamTwoHybrid  SPR  Xlink
Assay description:
Using WB:
Subject and Hook are mixed together in a test tube.
Hook is removed from the mix with anti-Hook antibodies or expression tags.
The amount of Subject bound to Hook is determined by Western blot or autoradiography (if Subject is radiolabelled).
Using ELISA:
Hook is attached to a solid support.
Subject is added and allowed to bind to Hook.
Unbound Subject is washed away.
The amount of bound Subject is detected by an anti-Subject antibody.
Using FarWestern:
Cell lysate or recombinant protein is separated on an SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to a WB membrane.
Hook is added to the membrane.
The binding of Hook to Subject is determined by the location of Subject on the blot.
Limitation: This only measures the binding of Hook to denatured Subject.
Using MamTwoHybrid:
Subject fused to the Gal4 DNA binding domain is coexpressed with Hook fused to the the strong transcriptional activation domain of the VP16 protein and a Gal4 dependent Luciferase reporter.
The amount of Luciferase expressed is measured by a Luciferase activity assay.
Using SPR:
Hook is attached to a solid support.
Subject is added and allowed to bind to Hook.
Unbound Subject is washed away.
The amount of bound Subject is detected by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
Using Xlink:
Cells are incubated with labeled ligand (Hook).
Free ligand is washed off, bound ligand is covalently cross-linked to receptors (Subjects).
Cell Lysates are run on SDS-PAGE gels.
Ligand bound to receptor is measured by Western blot or autoradiography (if Hook was radiolabled).
boundto(Gene)[ChIP]
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject bound to a gene
Possible Subject: Protein, Family, or Composite: IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): ChIP                  
Assay description:
Cells are treated with formaldehyde to cross-link proteins to gene-promoters.
Cells are lysed and chromatin is sheared by sonication or enzymic digestion.
Subject is immunoprecipitated from sheared lysates.
Immunoprecipitates are heated to reverse cross-links.
Protein is removed from samples with Proteinase-K.
Amount of Gene in the sample is determined by PCR using primers to Gene-promoter.
cleavage[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the cleavage of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WBMS
Assay Description:
A western blot of a cell lysate, immunoprecipitate, or recombinant protein is stained with an antibody that recognizes the cleavage product of subject.
cleavage(Site)[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the cleavage of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): ClAb
Assay Description:
A western blot of a cell lysate, immunoprecipitate, or recombinant protein is stained with an antibody that recognizes the cleavage product of subject cleaved at a specific site.
colocwith[DetectionMethod]Hook
Evidence provided: the colocalization of Subject with Hook
Possible Subject(s): Proteins, Family, or Composites; IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethods(s):  IHC  FRET  EM                        
Assay Description:
Using IHC:
Cells are transfected with plasmids expressing Subject and/or Hook fused to fluorescent proteins or stained with fluorescent antibodies against Subject and/or Hook.
Images of staining patterns of Subject and Hook are superimposed.
A change in the color of both markers indicates colocalization.
Using FRET:
Cells are transfected with plasmids expressing Subject fused to a donor fluorophore and Hook fused to an acceptor fluorophore or stained with antibodies labeled with donor and acceptor fluorophores against Subject and Hook.
Colocalization (energy transfer) is detected as an increase in donor fluorescence (dequenching)
after complete photobleaching of the acceptor molecule.
Using EM: 
Cells are stained with antibodies against Subject and Hook.
Images are made using an electron microscope.
Colocalization is determined as defined by observer.
copptby[DetectionMethod]Hook
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject coprecipitated by Hook
Possible Subject(s): Proteins, Family, or Composites; IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WB  Xlink                   
Assay Description:
Using WB:
Hook is immunoprecipitated from a cell lysate.
A western blot of the immunoprecipitate is stained for Subject.
Using Xlink:
Cells are treated with a chemical crosslinker before lysis.
Hook is immunoprecipitated from cell lysate.
A western blot of the immunoprecipitate is stained for Subject.
dimerization[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the dimerization of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): NativeWB
Assay Description:
Lysates or immunoprecipitates are run on non-denaturing PAGE gels, blotted, and stained for Subject.
Note: If the dectected Protein complex is approximately twice the molecular weight of the uncomplexed Protein, then the assay is called "dimerization".  Otherwise, "oligomerization" is used.
Limitations: Does not distinquish between a complexes of Subject:Subject and Subject:OtherProtein.
Gal4-reporter[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the activity of a transcripton factor (Subject)
Possible Subject(s): expressed Protein fused to Gal4-DNA-binding domain
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  Luc CAT
Assay description:
Cells are transfected with a plasmid expressing the Subject fused to the DNA binding domain of Gal4 and another plasmid expressing Luc or CAT driven by a promoter containing a Gal4 response element.
The amount of Luc or CAT expressed is measured by activity assays.
GDP-dissociation[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of GDP released from Subject
Possible Subject(s): recombinant Protein
Possible DetectionMethod(s): 3H-GDP  Mant-GDP
Assay Description:
Subject is preloaded with labeled GDP.
Subject is incubated with a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor.
The amount of GDP released is detected by:
liquid scintillation counting (3H-GDP)
fluorimeter (for Mant-GDP)
GTP-association[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of GTP bound to Subject
Possible Subject(s): recombinant Protein
Possible DetectionMethod(s): 35S-GTPgS  32P-GTP  Mant-GTP
Assay Description:
Subject is incubated with labeled GTP and a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor.
Subject is bound to nitrocellulose and washed to removed unbound GTP
The amount of GTP bound is detected by:
liquid scintillation counting (for 35S-GTP or 32P-GTP)
Cherenkov counting (for 32P-GTP)
fluorimeter (for Mant-GTP)
GTP-bdpd[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject bound to GTP
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WB  FRET                             
Assay Description:
Using WB:
The GTPase binding domain of a GTPase effector is added to a cell lysate.
The GTPase binding domain is precipitated from a cell lysate.
A western blot of the immunoprecipitate is stained for Subject.
Using FRET:
Cells are transfected with plasmids expressing a chimeric protein consisting of a GTP-binding protein (Subject), the binding domain of a protein that only binds to Subject bound to GTP, and yellow-emitting (YFP) and cyan-emitting (CFP) GFP mutants.
GTP binding to Subject increases the efficiency of FRET between CFP and YFP.
GTP-hydrolysis[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of GTP released from Subject
Possible Subject(s): recombinant Protein
Possible DetectionMethod(s): 32P-release  Pi-release  TLC                 
Assay Description:
Using 32P-release:
Subject is preloaded with 32P-GTP.
Subject is incubated with a putative GTPase activating factor.
Subject is bound to nitrocellulose and washed to removed unbound GTP
The amount of 32P released (total 32P added - bound 32P) is determined by liquid scintillation or Cherenkov counting.
Using Pi-release:
Subject is preloaded with GTP.
Subject is incubated with a putative GTPase activating factor.
The amount of Pi released is determined by the MESG/phosphorylase system [9268338] which monitors free gamma-Pi release from bound GTP.
Using TLC:
Subject is preloaded with 32P-GTP.
Subject is incubated with a putative GTPase activating factor.
Bound nucleotides are separated by TLC.
Total bound 32P is determined by liquid scintillation or Cherenkov counting.
Percent GTP is calculated.
GTP-percent[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject bound to GTP
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP required
Possible DetectionMethod(s): TLC                        
Assay Description:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated from cell lysates.
Nucleotides are eluted from the immunoprecipitates and separated by TLC.
The amount of radioactivity in the GTP vs GDP spots is calculated.
infraction(Fraction)[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the location of the Subject in a cell
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible Fractions: cytoskeleton membrane  PM2  nuclear  P100  S100
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WB
Assay Description:
Cells are lysed and fractionated (see Fractionation section for methods and putative locations)
The amount of Subject in each fraction is determined by Western blot.
internalization[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject internalized (no longer expressed on the cell surface)
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, Composite, or Chemical; IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): IHC  Surface-strip              
Assay Description:
Using IHC:
Cells are stained with antibodies to Subject.
Location of Subject is determined by microcopy.
A change from cell-membrane staining to cytoplasmic staining is an indication of internalization of Subject.
Using Surface-strip:
Subject ligand is covalently labelled with 125I or another marker such as biotin
Labeled ligand is added to cells causing the receptor to internalize with the ligand.
Ligand remaining on the cell surface is removed by washing with high salt and/or low pH.
Remaining radioactivity is counted in a gamma-counter.
IVGefA(Substrate(s))[DetectionAssay]
Evidence provided:  the ability of the complex immunoprecipitated with Subject to cause exchange of GDP to GTP from a substrate
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP required
Possible Substrate(s): Protein
Possible DetectionMethod(s): 3H-GDP  Mant-GDP
Assay description:
An immunoprecipitate is incubated with a recombinant GTP-binding Protein preloaded with labeled GDP
The amount of GDP released is detected by:
liquid scintillation counting (3H-GDP)
fluorimeter (for Mant-GDP)
IVKA(Substrate(s))(Site(s))[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the ability of the complex immunoprecipitated with Subject to phosphorylate a substrate
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP or recombinant Protein required
Possible Substrate(s): Protein(s), Peptide, auto
More than one Protein (separated by commas) can be used as substrate to represent coupled reactions.
Site(s) are only used when phosAb is used as a detection method.
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  32P-ATP   phosAb pYAb  InGelKinase
Assay Description:
Using 32P-ATP:
An immunoprecipitate or recombinant protein is incubated with substrate in a kinase buffer containing required co-factors and [32P]-ATP.
The reaction mixture is separated on a SDS-PAGE gel.  The amount of 32P transferred from [32P]-ATP to the substrate is detected by autoradiography.
Using phosAb:
An immunoprecipitate or recombinant protein is incubated with substrate in a kinase buffer containing required co-factors and ATP.
The reaction mixture is separated on a SDS-PAGE gel.
The phosphorylation state of the substrate is determined using  an antibody that detects a specific phosphorylation site when it is phosphorylated.
Using pYAb:
An immunoprecipitate or recombinant protein is incubated with substrate in a kinase buffer containing required co-factors and ATP.
The reaction mixture is separated on a SDS-PAGE gel.
The phosphorylation state of the substrate is determined using  an antibody to phosphotyrosine.
Using InGelKinase:
An immunoprecipitate or recombinant protein is separated on a SDS-PAGE gel.
The gel is incubated with substrate in a kinase buffer containing required co-factors and [32P]-ATP.
The phosphorylation state of the substrate is determined by autoradiography.
IVLKA(Substrate(s))[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the ability of the complex immunoprecipitated with Subject to phosphorylate a lipid substrate
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP required
Substrate(s) can be: Lipid
More than one lipid (separated by slashes) can be used as substrates
Possible DetectionMethod(s): TLC
Assay description:
An immunoprecipitate is incubated with lipid-substrate in a kinase buffer containing required co-factors and [32P]-ATP.
Reaction components are separated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).
Production of phosphorylated lipid substrate is measured by autoradiography.
LexA-reporter[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the activity of a transcripton factor Subject
Possible Subject(s): expressed Protein fused to LexA-DNA-binding domain
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  Luc  CAT
Assay description:
Cells are transfected with a plasmid expressing the Subject fused to the DNA binding domain of LexA and another plasmid expressing Luc or CAT driven by a promoter containing a LexA response element.
The amount of Luc or CAT expressed is measured by activity assays.
locatedin(Position)[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the location of the Subject in a cell
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP not OK
Possible Positions: cell-membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, perinuclear-region, subnuclear-bodies
Possible DetectionMethod(s): IHC
Assay Description:
Cells are stained for Subject.
Position of Subject in respect to cell is determine by microscopy
mRNA[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of mRNA expressed by Subject
Possible Subject(s): Gene
Possible DetectionMethod(s): Northern  RPA  RTPCR  MicroArray
Assay description:
Total RNA is prepared from the cells.
Relative amounts of mRNA are detected using one of the possible DetectionMethods.
nuc-export[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided: the amount of Subject exported from the nucleus
Possible Subject(s): BProtein or Family; IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  NEreporter  HeterokaryonAssay
Assay description:
Using NEreporter:
Cells are transfected with a plasmid expressing the Subject to Enterobacteria phage MS2 coat protein and a reporter plasmid encoding CAT or Luc and the bacteriophage MS2 translational operator RNA, with these two elements flanked by a pair of splice acceptor and donor sites.
Expression of CAT or Luc requires active nuclear export of the unspliced CAT or Luc mRNA.
The amount of CAT or Luc expressed is measured by activity assays.
Using HeterokaryonAssay:
GSN2 cells expressing Subject are fused with NIH3T3 cells using polyethylene glycol in the presence of CHX to block protein synthesis.
Cells are stained with Hoechst dye 33258 which distinguishes GSN2 nuclei (smooth nuclear staining) from NIH3T3 nuclei (punctate nuclear staining).
Cells are examined by fluorescence microscopy.
The presence of Subject in NIH3T3 nuclei is indicative of nuclear export.
nuc-import[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided: the amount of Subject imported into the nucleus
Possible Subject(s): recombinant Protein
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  IVnucImport
Assay description:
Using IVnucImport:
Subject is mixed with cytosolic extracts to provide Kpnas and Kpnb1 and added to cells treated with digitonin to permeabilize the plasma membrane but leave nuclear membranes intact.
The amount of Subject imported into the nucleus is determined by immunohistochemistry.
oligo-binding[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided: the ability of the Subject to bind a DNA oligo containing at least one copy of its consensus binding sequence.
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethods(s):  EMSA  ELISA                   
Additional information:
the name and sequence of the oligo are supplied in the oligo field if available
Assay description:
Using EMSA:
Nuclear extract or recombinant protein is incubated with a radiolabeled oligonucleotide and run on a Polyacrylamide gel.
Migration of the oligonucleotide is determined by autoradiograpy.
Binding of protein to the oligonucleotide is indicated by a changed in the mobility of the oligonucleotides.
The identity of Subject is inferred by the sequence of the oligonucleotide [RE] or by supershift after addition of anti-Subject antibody to protein:oligo complex [Ab].
Using ELISA:
Nuclear extracts or total lysates are incubated with immobilized oligonucleotide.
Non-binding proteins are washed off and remaining proteins are analyzed by ELISA.
oligomerization[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the oligomerization of Subject
Possible Subject(s): BProtein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): 2TagPpt  IHC  density-gradient
Assay Description:
Using 2TagPpt:
Subject is expressed in cells using two different expression tags.
Subject is immunopreciptiated using one expression tag.
A western blot of the immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to the second expression tag.
Using IHC:
Subject fused to a fluorescent protein is expressed in cells.
Cells are stained with a fluorescent antibody to Subject.
Images of staining pattern of Subject-fluorescent-protein and Subject-fluorescent-antibody are superimposed.
A change in the color of both markers indicates oligomerization.
Using density-gradient:
Subject (recombinant protein only) is fractionated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation.
Fractions are collected, run on SDS-PAGE gels, blotted, and stained for Subject
phos[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:   the total phosphorylation of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  32P-ATP  32Pi  WBMS  WBMS/PPase
Assay Description:
Using 32P-ATP:
Subject is incubated with a putative kinase (Treatment) in a kinase buffer containing required co-factors and [32P]-ATP.
The reaction mixture is separated on a SDS-PAGE gel.
The amount of 32P transferred from [32P]-ATP to Subject is detected by autoradiography.
Using 32Pi:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel.
The amount of 32P in the immunoprecipitate is detected by autoradiography.
Using WBMS:
A western blot of a cell lysate or immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Phosphorylation is implied by a decrease in the mobility shift of Subject.
Using WBMS/PPase:
A western blot of a cell lysate or immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Phosphorylation is implied by a decrease in the mobility shift of Subject.
Phosphorylation is confirmed by a loss of mobility shift in response to treating lysate or immunoprecipitate with a phosphatase before western blot.
phos(Site(s))[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the phosphorylation of Subject at a specific site
Possible Subject(s): Protein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): phosAb  phosAb-ppt  2D-PPMap  HPLC-PAA-ED
Assay Description:
Using phosAb:
A western blot of a cell lysate or immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody that detects a specific phosphorylation site when it is phosphorylated.
Using phosAb-ppt:
Subject is immunoprecipitated with an antibody to a phosphorylation site
A western blot of the immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody that detects Subject
Using 2D-PPMap:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and analyzed for site phosphorylation by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping.
Using HPLC-PAA-ED:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and digested with trypsin.
Tryptic phosphopeptides are analyzed for site phosphorylation by HPLC followed by phosphoamino acid analysis and Edman degradation.
polymerization[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the polymerization of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WB
Assay Description:
Subject is detected by Western Blot.
A long smear rather than a single band is indicative of polymerization
promo-reporter[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the promoter activity of the Subject
Possible Subject(s): Gene
Possible DetectionMethod(s): Luc  CAT
Assay description:
Cells are transfected with a plasmid expressing Luc or CAT driven by the promoter of the Subject.
The amount of Luc or CAT expressed is measured by activity assays.
prot-exp[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject expressed
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WB  FACS  35S  ELISA
Assay description:
Using WB:
A western blot is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using FACS:
Cells are permeabilized, stained with an antibody to Subject, and analyzed by FACS.
Using 35S:
Cells are preincubated with 35S-methionine and/or cysteine
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel, and detected by autoradiography.
Using ELISA:
Cells lysates are incubated with immobilized antibody to Subject.
The amount of Subject bound to immobilized antibody is determine by staining with another antibody to Subject.
prot-stability[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the stabilty of the Subject expressed
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): 35S-pulse-chase  CHX-WB
Assay description:
using 35S-pulse-chase:
Cellular proteins are metabolically labeled with 35S.
35S is replaced with unlabelled amino acids and incubated for various times.
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel, and detected by autoradiography.
Protein stability is calculated from the decrease in signal over time.
using CHX-WB:
Cells are treated with cycloheximide (CHX) to prevent protein synthesis.
Amount of Subject remaining over time is monitored by Western blot.
ResponseElement-reporter[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the response of a reporter to a situation (ie not much)
Possible Subject(s):  none
note: the subject of a reporter assay of this type is inferred from the sequence of the reporter plasmid itself
future work will include hunting down the actual sequence of the reporters used and finding evidence that the reporters report what the authors say they do.
Possible DetectionMethod(s): SAP  Luc  CAT
Assay description:
Cells are transfected with a plasmid expressing Luc or CAT driven by the promoter.
The amount of Luc or CAT expressed is measured by activity assays.
secretion[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject secreted by cells
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  ELISA  BeadArray  RIA  WB
Assay description:
The concentration of Subject in the supernatant is analyzed by one of the possible DetectionMethods.
snaggedby[DetectionMethod]Hook
Evidence provided:  the amount of Subject "pulled-down" from a lysate by Hook
Possible Subject: Protein, Family, or Composites; IP not OK
Possible Hook: recombinant or purified Protein or Chemical
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WB   
Assay Description:
Using WB:
Hook is added to a cell lysate.
Hook is precipitated from a cell lysate.
A western blot of the precipitate is stained for Subject.
Sphos[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the phosphorylation of Subject on serine
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  pSAb  pSAb-ppt  32Pi-PAA   
Assay description:
Using pSAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to phosphoserine.
Using pSAb-ppt:
A western blot of an anti-phosphoserine immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using 32Pi-PAA:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel.
The band containing Subject is cut out of the gel and analyzed for serine phosphorylation by Phosphoamino Acid Analysis.
STphos[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the phosphorylation of Subject on serine and threonine
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  pSTAb  pSTAb-ppt  32Pi-PAA
Assay description:
Using pSTAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to phosphoserine/threonine.
Using pSTAb-ppt:
A western blot of an anti-phosphoserine/threonine immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using 32Pi-PAA:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel.
The band containing Subject is cut out of the gel and analyzed for serine and threonin phosphorylation by Phosphoamino Acid Analysis.
sumo[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the sumoylation of Subject
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): SuAb  xSuAb  WBMS  SuAb-ppt  xSuAb-ppt                  
Assay description:
Using SuAb or xSuAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Sumo or a tag on expressed Sumo.
Using SuAb-ppt or xSuAb-ppt:
A western blot of an anti-Sumo or anti-Sumo-tag immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using WBMS:
A western blot of a cell lysate or immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.  A reduction in Subject mobility is indicative of sumoylation.
surface-exp[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided: the amount of Subject located on the surface of a cell
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite;  IP not OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  FACS  125I-ligand  biotin-labeling              
Assay description:
Using FACS:
The concentration of Subject on the surface of a cell is analyzed by FACS.
Using 125I-ligand:
A ligand specific for Subject is added to cells on ice.
The amount of bound ligand is determined by scintillation counting.
Using biotin-labeling:
All the proteins on the surface of the cell are cross-linked to NHS-SS-biotin.
Cells are washed to remove unreacted reagent, lysed, and precipitated with antibody against Subject.
Precipitated proteins are analysed by western blot and detected using labeled avidin.
Tphos[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the phosphorylation of Subject on threonine
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s):  pTAb   pTAb-ppt  32Pi-PAA
Assay description:
Using pTAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to phosphothreonine.
Using pTAb-ppt:
A western blot of an anti-phosphothreonine immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using 32Pi-PAA:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel.
The band containing Subject is cut out of the gel and analyzed for serine and threonin phosphorylation by Phosphoamino Acid Analysis.
ubiq[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the ubiquitination of Subject.
Detection with K63UbAb is provides addition evidence that the bound ubiquitin is K63 linked.
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): UbAb  xUbAb  WBMS  UbAb-ppt  xUbAb-ppt  K63UbAb                 
Assay description:
Using UbAb, xUbAb, or K63UbAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to ubiquitin, K63-linked polyubiquitin, or a tag on expressed or recombinant ubiquitin .
Direct ubiquitination of subject can be determined by boiling lysates before immunoprecipitation to remove noncovalently attached proteins.
Using UbAb-ppt or xUbAb-ppt
A western blot of an anti-Ubiquitin or anti-Ubiquitin-tag immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Direct ubiquitination of subject can be determined by boiling lysates before immunoprecipitation to remove noncovalently attached proteins.
Using WBMS:
A western blot of a cell lysate or immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.  A reduction in Subject mobility is indicative of ubiquitination.
upshift[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  Subject is modified in some way that causes a decrease in its mobility on a Western blot.
Possible Subject(s): Protein or Family; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): WBMS
Assay Description:
A western blot of a cell lysate, immunoprecipitate, or recombinant protein is stained with an antibody that recognizes subject.
Yphos[DetectionMethod]
Evidence provided:  the phosphorylation of Subject on tyrosine
Possible Subject(s): Protein, Family, or Composite; IP OK
Possible DetectionMethod(s): pYAb  pYAb-ppt  32Pi-PAA
Assay description:
Using pYAb:
A western blot of an anti-Subject immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to phosphotyrosine.
Using pYAb-ppt:
A western blot of an anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitate is stained with an antibody to Subject.
Using 32Pi-PAA:
Cells are preincubated with radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi).
Subject is immunoprecipitated and run on an SDS-PAGE gel.
The band containing Subject is cut out of the gel and analyzed for serine and threonin phosphorylation by Phosphoamino Acid Analysis.